Phylogenetic and functional signals in ovular secretions of gymnosperms

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Machine translation, except where credited.

This study reinforces the antiquity of insect–plant pollination mutualisms in Gnetophyta, which have a fossil record beginning in the Triassic.

Annals of Botany

Gymnosperms are either wind-pollinated (anemophilous) or wind-insect-pollinated (ambophilous). Ovular secretions play a key role in pollen capture, germination, and growth; pollination drops are also understood to serve as a possible reward for insect pollinators. Nepi et al. analyse the chemical composition of pollination drops of thirteen species representing all five lineages of extant gymnosperms.

Fly on a pollination drop

Ambophilous species display a clear signal of pollinator-driven selection that may have evolved as a co-evolutionary response to feeding insects. Ginkgo biloba has a profile typical of ambophilous taxa, suggesting either that an insect pollination mode of for this species is hitherto undocumented, or that the species’ ancestral populations were insect pollinated in which case G. biloba ovular secretions represent ‘the ghost of evolution past’.

Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species.
A bear eating berries

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